What you are describing about polymorphism, encapsulation is why its difficult for junior developers to make the jump to senior developers.

There are a lot of concepts to learn and software development uses them without explaining clearly to junior developers or more importantly why.

I believe the cause to be a lack of education and companies training developers in these fundamantal concepts of software development but instead telling them to just start writing code and learn on the job.

This shortcut and lack of investment causes problem and costs more in the long run but maybe there is a lack of trust and companies scared developers are going to leave (and developers leaving due to a lack of investment).

Technical debt I will say is different because it's used with customers to explain why time is needed to clean up the code. It would be equally as difficult to explain the other terms you mentioned to quantify the quality of the code with the customer/manager.